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Egyptophile.com

Alphabetical Index

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Abu Gurab-site between Giza and Saqqara; remains of a sun temple erected by 5th Dynasty King Nyuserra (2445-244- B.C.)
Abu Roash- (Aub Rawash) unfinished funerary complex of 4th Dynasty King Djedefra (2566-2558 B.C.) north of Giza on the West Bank of the Nile;

was intended to be a pyramid partly encased in red granite.
Abu Simbel-Site of two rock-cut temples of Rameses II (1279-1213 B.C.) about 250 km south-east of Aswan. Larger temple dedicated to Amum-Ra,

Ra-Horakhty, Ptah, and deified Ramesses II. Smaller temple dedicated to Queen Nefertari and Hathor of Abshek.
Abusir-Part of the necropolis of ancient Memphis consisting of several pyramids of the 5th Dynasty (2494-2345 B.C), a sun temple, and a number of

mastaba tombs and Late Period (747-332 B.C.) shaft tombs.
Abydos-Sacred site located on the west bank of the Nile, 50 km south of modern Sohag. Site is of great antiquity and sacred to Osiris, flourished from

Predynastic times until Christian times (c.4000 B.C.-A.D. 641). Earliest temple is that of Osiris-Khentimentiu. Very extensive burials throughout

history of use. Dominated by large temple of Seti I (1294-1279 B.C.) and his son Ramesses II(1279-12-13 B.C.) and a large temple called the

Osireion.
A Group-Semi-nomadic Nubian Neolithic culture of the mid-fourth to early thir millennium B.C. Regularly traded with Egytians of Predynastic and

Early Dynastic Period.
Aha-(c.3100 B.C.) One of the earliest 1st Dynasty Rulers of a unified Egypt. Name means "the fighter".
Ahhotep-(c.1590-1530 B.C.) First New Kingdom Queen, at the time when the Hyksos were being expelled. Daughter of Senakhtenra Taa I, wife of

Seqenenra Taa II, and mother of both Ahmose I and probably Kahmose, she played an important part in the wars of liberation.
Ahmose I-(1550-1525B.C.) First ruler of the 18th Dynasty.
Ahmose II-(570-526 B.C.) Pharaoh of he late 26th Dynasty who was originally a general in Nubia during the reign of Psamtek II (595-589 B.C.)
Ahmose Nefertari-(c.1570-1505 B.C.) Perhaps the most influential of the New Kingdom royal women, she was "king's mother', "king's principal wife",

the first royal "God's wife of Amun", and a major heiress.
Akenaten-(Amenhotep IV)- (1352-1336 B.C.) Infamous "heretic" pharaoh whose disestablishment of the traditional gods and replacing them with the

Aten (sun god) worshipped only through him disrupted Egyptian life, economy, and foreign relations.
Alabaster, Egyptian-Type of white or translucent stone used for statues and architecture-is a form of limestone (calcium carbonate), or travertine.
Alcoholic beverages-Beer (henket) was made from partially baked cakes of barley bread, dissolved and drained into a vat and allowed to ferment.

A variety of flavorings were added. Wine, both red and white, (irep), was regularly made and consumed.Abu Gurab-site between Giza and Saqqara;

remains of a sun temple erected by 5th Dynasty King Nyuserra (2445-244- B.C.)

Amun - The chief Egyptian deity who often took on attributes of other gods such as Ra and min. He was initially part of the Thebian triad witch

also included Mut (his consort) and Khonsu (his child). His temple at Karnak is the largest in all Egypt.

Anubis - A god of the dead who was chiefly responsible for mummification and protection of graves. He is usually represented as a jackal or as

a jackal headed man.

Apis Bull - The incarnation of the god Ptah. The serapeum at Memphis contains their mummified remains.

Amarna Letters - Important cache of documents from El-Amarna discovered in 1887 by a village woman digging ancient mud-brick for use as fertilizer.

Clay tablets, cuneiform, 382 known, written in Akkadian, spanning a 15 to 30 year period. Diplomatic correspondence between Egypt and other

great powers of the time.
Amenemhat (Amenemes) - Nomen or four 12th Dynasty kings, meaning "Amun is at the head".
Amenhotep (Amenophis ) - Nomen of four 18th Dyansty pharaohs, meaning "Amun is content".
Amulets-Essential ornament worn by all classes of Egyptians, function was to protect and guard the wearer, to give magical powers or capabilities, and

to ensure well-being. Also included in funerary wrappings to ensure good things in the afterlife.
Ankhsheshonqy - The Instructions of Ankhsheshonqy-collection of aphorisms in a Demotic manuscript dating to the first century B.C. found near

Akhmim in Middle Egypt.
Ankhtifi of Mo'Alla - nomarch of the third Upper Egyptian nome-known from inscriptions in his rock-cut tomb about 40 km south of Luxor. Probably

dates to c.2100 B.C.
Apris - (r.589-570 B.C.) fourth king of the 26th or Saite Dynasty, Late Period.
Asasif - one of the principal areas of the Theban necropolis, located on the west bank of the Nile River. Stretches from the edge of the cultivation to the

southeast to and including the tomb and temple of Nebhepetre Montuhotep I and the terrace temple of Hatshepsut at Deir el-Bahri in the northwest.

First used as a royal and private cemetery in the second half of the 11th Dynasty (c.2050 B.C.).
Astronomy - During Predynastic and pharaonic times, was mostly devoted to keeping track of time and making calendars, with the main purpose of

predicting the time of sunrise, the appearance of stellar deities, and the celebration of feasts for particular gods. Oldest possibly inspired

astronomical monuments on record are megaliths and stone circles c. 7000-5000 B.C. at Nabta in the Western Desert.
Aswan - town on the east bank of the Nile at the foot of the 1st Cataract-name derived from the Egyptian swnw,"to trade". Earliest settlement on the

island of Elephantine, whose name derives from the Egyptian words for "elephant" and "ivory", indicating an ivory trading center.
Asyut - a site located 410 km south of Cairo on the western side of the Nile, renowned an extensive necropolis on a steep elevation of western hills.

Most famous for its tombs of the First Intermediate Period and the 12th Dynasty.
Ay (r.1346-1343 B.C.) - Penultimate king of the 18th Dynasty, successor of Tutankhamun. Possibly the son of Tuya and Yuya and father of Nefertiti.